Teaching Students to Write an Essay

Teaching Students to Write an EssayThere are many tips and techniques for how to teach students to write an essay. The main tip is that it's not necessarily the level of interest of the student, that determines how much they will learn. Instead, it's how you structure your discussion, how well you keep things interesting and entertaining and in keeping with the subject matter of the essay.One of the tips to impart to students is that you need to gauge the ability of the instructor's ability to engage the class. The instructor must be able to communicate his ideas to the students. He or she must be able to point out topics that would provide clarity on the given topic. It is important that the class atmosphere remains lively even after the class is over.It is also very important that the students are able to present their ideas well and develop an outline for the essay. This way, they will have a better grasp of the material. They can clearly see where they are going, so they will not get lost in the overall subject of the topic.The next tip to impart is that a good essay is one that is clear and understandable. The key to this is clearly outlining the topic and also presenting the essay. The reason for this is that it is easier to digest, once the material is outlined and presented.Once you have made the outline and the presentation clear, then all you need to do is to present different points and references on the topic that you have covered. Try not to restrict the topic too much and start off with a variety of perspectives. This will help to better acquaint the students with the topic.Another thing that you should do is to teach the students to think logically. You should remember that you cannot always be right so it's necessary that you prepare your arguments carefully. If you do that, then your students will develop logic skills that will give them the benefit of the doubt in future situations.There are ways of teaching students to write an essay that is full of ideas and that are also engaging. What you should do is to make the students the heroes in the event that the topic you choose has a hero in it. You could even use the hero's name to help point out the problem that needs to be solved.As you can see, teaching students to write essays is not a simple task. It requires thought and dedication, two things that are often lacking in today's students. Keep these tips in mind and you will be able to impart them effectively to the students.

Enzyme Coursework essays

Protein Coursework expositions Point: In this analysis I would like to attempt to discover the impact of surface zone of Enzyme on the pace of an Enzyme controlled response. Compounds have a globular structure and are shaped of different various proteins which are developed from amino acids. These contain leftover chains. The amino acids are organized in single chains associated by peptide bonds. The chains are formed into a 3d shape. Proteins are an impetus in substance responses. An impetus is a reactant in a concoction response that expands the rate at which the response happens by bringing down the initiation vitality required for a response to occur, anyway the chemicals stay unaltered. - Potato (white English Nadine Yorkshire, developed in 2005) - Set up mechanical assembly as appeared in chart 1. - Measure out 8cm3 of Hydrogen Peroxide into bubbling cylinder. - Fill estimating chamber with water and hold topsy turvy in water trough. - Place one finish of conveyance tube in estimating chamber, ensuring the end with the bung is forgotten about to put over bubbling cylinder. - Now the conveyance tube is set up in the right situation to gather the oxygen gas, you would now be able to utilize the corer to remove a bit of potato (this gear is set up before test begins to stop gas getting away). ... <!

Personhood, Selfhood, and Virtual Identity - Free Essay Example

Introduction Computer ethics deal with placement of value on the acts while considering whether it is bad or good. Ion every society some factors are deemed to be ethical as well as those that are termed to be non-ethical. Consensus makes agreement to ensure that the moral rules are met. There are commandments of using a computer such as one should not harm other people using a computer as well as you should not use a computer to steal among others.   Personhood Through computing, it will be easy to understand the role of technology in the moral responsibility. The human activities currently cannot be explained without making reference to the technological aspects which have the ability to affect the moral liability of the people. The way people can be able to communicate and relate to each other can be determined by the personhood that is created by the technology. The technological artifacts are very paramount in shaping the character of the person in the global village. The human beings can be held responsible for the changes that are taking place in the technologies. The dangers that can be brought about the technological errors can be answered by the human beings. The technology as well is creating a different kind of people since they are turning into the machine like creatures. The people have developed a high reliance on the computers, and most their duties are surrounded by the computer actions. In addition to this, the technology c reates unique individuals and determine the way they can make decisions as well as how ready they are to act. A technological personhood is established due to the advancement in the technological know-how. The process of automation can help to centralize and control the ability of the human beings to make decisions (Haynes 1999, 45). In addition to these, according to (Dennet Humphrey 1991,150), it is vital to creating some useful fiction. In this case, the human character needs to modify to be something like the head of the mind and avoid being a ghost-like creature. An individual character should, therefore, be presentable to the whole world and himself as well others. Selfhood The internet age does not explicitly explain the nature of self in the web age. Social constructionism as used in technology helps to explain selfhood. Selfhood according to Stone and Poster is nothing natural, but it is composed of the traditional practices that are originating from the communicative acts. According to Stone, the body has a duty in the realm of techno-social in addition to the physical substrate. Due to technology, the body can no longer limit the subject’s position. Communications are there to extend the ability of the nervous system globally to the point that it can be able to unwrap the noosphere (Poster 1990, 15). Apart from the understanding of the self in the broad evolutionary and biological perspective there is need to recognize that our bodies are in connection to the self-identity due to the notions of individual character. Trust as well as the emotions are also in a position to determine an individual selfhood. According to (Dennet 1984, 90), the h uman beings are in a position to create themselves while developing better values while interacting with the computers. In this case, therefore there will be the need for the ordinary course of development to be able to create unity programs for narrative gravity. Virtual identity According to Howard communities that are computer-mediated can be able to change the practices of the individuals living within them.   As described by (Rheingold 1993, 147), it will be very hard for computerized communities to identify their identity. This is because the computers will create a lot of westernization and the people will be moving towards global connection and leaving behind their identity. The thoughts perceptions in addition to personalities of the individuals will be affected by computer-mediated communication.   MUDs describe the way the virtual communities affect the thoughts, psyche, and feelings of the people living within them. They are paramount to help in the identification of programs that encourage self-presentation flexibility. However, the MUD is the most disastrous of all virtual societies. Communication technologies have an impact the life of the human beings since they can saturate them with the lack of foundations, the creation of fragmentary sel f as well as the loss of authentic self-identity. The individuals will be able to experience to encounter infinite multiplicity. A unique social space will be created by the virtual age. In this case, the technology is currently observed as natural as well as being invisible. A technosocial community has been set up by an increase in the use of computers. This kind of new space created have been able to develop new identities among the human beings as well as presence and agency. There is a close connection between the virtual character and the computers networks not forgetting the cyberspace. Conclusion Computer ethics is part of the practical philosophy that is concerned with how the professionals using the computers make proper decisions of dignity and social conduct. Computers have been able to change how human beings interact with each other. Failure to observe the universal morality will make persons worst creatures due to westernization.

Short Story - 1767 Words

wide round face with a huge smile and short black hair cut straight as if she had a bowl on her head. Like most Flatheads she was reserved. The top accountant, Gertrude, a local girl exemplified all the typical Flathead features, and appeared quite unattractive wearing glasses as thick as the windshield of a car with a complexion reminiscent of the wicked witch of the east. All in all though the bean counters were a pleasure to work with. They pretty much stayed in the back and criticized all the bookkeeping mistakes the desk clerks made during the day. One could say they were the brains of the operation, as they carried out their duties and kept track of all the beans. As Japes became more and more popular with the staff the Flatheads†¦show more content†¦THE STAGE The night shift was now the new domain and he grew determined to make his mark. Several exciting interactions with a host of celebrities thrilled him to the core. Hailing from a small rural community where the only exposure to a celebrity was on television or at the movies only compounded the interactions. The first exciting moment occurred when he greeted Governor Ronald Reagan in the late 70’s while he was campaigning for president. Although not politically inclined, the sheer enormity of the moment proved exciting, a simple hello and a smile was the extent of their meeting. The hotel, located close to a comedy club, frequently highlighted a number of national comedians. The celebrity you see on television is not always the one you deal with in person. Dom DeLuise delighted everyone when checking in, as he would oftentimes practice one of his routines on new desk clerks all just for fun. One of the regular guests, Joan Rivers, traveled with a large entourage wherever she went. Everyone wanted her time as she was at the peak of her career. She could not have been nicer to every server in the hotel, and exceptionally appreciative for all the services she and her group required. Tony Bennet, also a true gentleman, appeared rather reserved for a famous singer and toured with a small crowd. The security department enlightened Japes’ as to why he was so mellow. Apparently, his guest room suite was filledShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Maintaining Motivation Educational Goals Essay - 1374 Words

As many of us near our senior year of high school we all begin to think seriously about pursuing our education further and what we want to come of it. This is also the time when we pick a major and sometimes incorporate graduate school into our future goals. These educational goals that we form at an early age reflect our desires most truly because we have yet to be discouraged by hardly anything. However, the downside is that in many cases rising college students don’t realize all that entails reaching the goals they have set for themselves. As a result, many students falter in their pursuit towards the original set goal. There are several common ways in which students deviate from the original plan. Some students begin college under a†¦show more content†¦The Problem College dropout rates have been improving over the past 40 years, however; half of college students drop out before receiving a degree (Dynarski, 2008). With respect to the fact that many students drop out of college for reasons not under their control; those who consider dropping out due to loss of motivation should consider the importance of a college education today in order to efficiently weigh out their options. The U.S. Census Bureau has determined that a college graduate earns over 1 million dollars more than a high school graduate in a life time (Giving Up On College Is Not An Option, 2006). Although money may not be a source for happiness it supplies you with the necessary resources that can enable you to achieve other goals that directly inspire happiness. However, keeping sight of the benefits to come from an education will not entirely inspire you to continue on the road towards achievement without the presence of autonomous opportunities. This idea suggests that you are more likely to succeed in a higher education setting if you were autonomous in your decision of which college to attend. Parents should allow their children to be fully involved in this decision. Furt hermore, students that choose to continue their education often switch out of their desired major one or more times. Research has shown that choosing the wrong major is the most frequently identified life regret for Americans (Beggs, Bantham, Taylor, 2008).Show MoreRelatedMother As Motivator Of Motivator Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesMother as Motivator of B.Ed. Trainees for Education Patel Dharmi Baldevbhai Assistant Professor Shri Mahavir Vidhyamandir Trust B.Ed. College Pandesara, Surat. Abstracts: Motivation is the desire or drive within a person to achieve some goal. Mother’s role as a motivator is challenging for her child’s educational development. Objectives of the study are to know the qualities and to know the thoughts of mother as motivator for B.Ed. trainees. 147 trainees of 10 B.Ed. colleges affiliated with VNSGURead MorePatient Educational Plan1346 Words   |  6 PagesPatient Educational Plan Nur/427 Monday, March 29, 2010 Sara Gerrie, MSN Introduction Prolonged and chronic ethanol (ETOH) use has devastating effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. ETOH is easily absorbed from the intestine and diffuses quickly throughout the body. The bulk of the ETOH is metabolized in the liver. ETOH abuse produces functional and structural changes in the GI tract, such as in the stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas (Geokas, Lieber, French, Halsted 1981)Read MoreContinuing Academic Sucess1291 Words   |  6 Pagesensure their academic success by knowing the benefits of setting goals, knowing available resources, and by knowing the writing process, and maintaining academic integrity. Benefits of setting goals Setting goals help increase your motivation by creating a positive climate. They help you plan and gain control over your future and they also add challenge and purpose to your life. Goals also provide a sense of accomplishment. By setting goals you put more focus on the results which make you work smarterRead MoreCareer Journey For Success : My Career Path941 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibilities, and industries (Berry, 2003). As I prepared for my new journey, I evaluated my decision, researched, planned, applied for new occupations that interest me, and prepared for my new career in Management. Motivation I soul searched my career path to ensure my thoughts and motivations were parallel. Although, I managed a call center for many years, often versioned quitting because the position lacked fulfillment in many areas. I realized I possess the ability to lead others and get encourageRead MoreEssay about Busman1552 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement is linked to productivity as it is directly linked to strategies and objectives of the organisation, as it relates to the ongoing management of the vital resource and asset, which are people. Therefore HRM must ensure that employees achieve goals and objectives within constraints. - Part of meeting organisations objectives is through ensuring that sufficient numbers of motivated and skilled staff are available to work efficiently and effectively, managing their resource to ensure high levelsRead MoreMotivation, Goal And Their Gpa845 Words   |  4 PagesCollege Graduation focusing in different levels of observation like motivation, goal-setting and their GPA. According to Dweck et al, When face with a difficult academic challenge, why do some student cheerfully roll up their sleeves ready to dig in and tackle the problem, while other students throw up their hands and in despair and defeat? Dweck argues that these two behavioral patterns reflect different underlying achievement goal orientation and different explicit stories of intelligent (Dweck,Read MoreThe Value Percept Theory : Job Satisfaction991 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization, Ms. Williams experienced a lack motivation causing withdrawal behavior. KidCare needs to direct efforts towards supplying Ms . Williams values of a promotion, by applying the proper motivation, to accomplish her goal at a persistent time; which will rebuild her commitment and satisfaction with the organization. To maintain high job satisfaction, employers need to motivate employees to improve productivity. The three key elements for successful motivation are direction, intensity, and persistenceRead MoreEmpowering The Intrinsically Motivated Mind861 Words   |  4 PagesDecember 9, 2015 Abstract Incentive theories were examined to recognize how motivation benefits the self-directed learner. The purpose of this inquiry was to become familiar with intrinsic motivation and its components. The documented research includes information gathered from journals, articles, and empirical results. Further analysis is being considered if time permits. Keywords: growth, intrinsic, learner, motivation, personal, self-directed, self-motivated Empowering the Intrinsically MotivatedRead MoreHuman Resource And Personnel Manager At Uc San Diego997 Words   |  4 Pagesof overseeing recruitment, employee relations, policy development, payroll, and benefits. Personnel management is a special branch of management that is focus on the concerns of employees at work and their relationship with the organization. Her educational experiences consist of a bachelor degree at UC San Diego in Management Science and a professional Human Resources certificate from UCSD Extension. She has been working in the academic administration for almost ten years and earned her current positionRead MoreUsing Technology in The Classroom to Enhance Learning1120 Words   |  5 Pagestask. A. Motivation Sarah: â€Å"Sarah cannot seem to sit in her seat and wanders around the room.† Sarah has been diagnosed with ADHD and has trouble sitting in her chair for more than 15 minutes at a time. Sarah needs understanding of how essential cooperation is to maintaining a learning environment (Savage Savage, 2009, Chapter 3). Intrinsic (internal) motivation varies for individual students and requires more creativity to create in a student. Instilling intrinsic motivation for Sarah

You are my Sunshine free essay sample

Her voice was quiet; he wasnt sure f he was even actually hearing it or if he was Imagining It. You are my sunshine, my only sunshine you make me happy when skies are gray. Ã'›_ This was one that she had taught him. He couldnt recall exactly when she taught him it, or who had been the one to teach her t. He was positive it was one ot the humans, either John or Jade. It seemed like a song that they would know, sappy and cheesy. It was probably John that taught her It. Either way It didnt matter who had shown her it, but she sang it all the time. She sang it to him, or him, and she was always requesting for him to sing it with her. She seemed to want nothing more than to duet with hlm_ Youll never know dearm_how much I love you Naturally every single time she asked he had refused. We will write a custom essay sample on You are my Sunshine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why would he ever sing, especially with her, or such a lame song? what a tucking stupid Idea. where did she even think of It? Did somebody suggest It to her? If It had been a suggestion then It was probably John, the boy seemed to be behind everything that bothered Karkat. Please dont take my sunshine away. As his gaze was glued to the young troll lying on the floor, In a pool of her own olive lood, he couldnt help but feel crushed by guilt. This was his fault. That girl he had known, one of his closest friends not that he was willing to admit it- was only a shadow of who she had once been. The other mght dear, as I lay sleeping. Her pain was clear in her voice. How was she even singing at this point? It didnt matter. He moved slowly, or at least it seemed to him. Kneeling beside her small torm he reached out and grabbed hers, holding it tight with his and interlacing their fingers. l dreamed I held you In my arms___ He slowly moved to lay down beside her. smearing the image she had painted with er cnvn blood. It was better to have the real him laying here next to her instead ot that palntlng_ rlght? As he stared at her, he didnt know which was worse; the fact that he couldnt help her, or the fact that if she survived this she would never be the same again. Would it be worse if she lived? There was no way that she could function to the same degree as before, not with the Injury she had received. Even now her voice held a different sound to It. Was It better If she died? Nepeta. He started, but was interrupted by her small, broken voice. But when I awoke dear. as mistakenÃ'›. This enure thing was his fault, he couldnt protect her. what was he supposed to do now? How could he possibly save her? He had absolutely no idea. His gaze was drawn away to the prone form laying just a few feet away from them. He wanted to call out to him, to ask him what he was supposed to do. How the fuck he was supposed to handle this, but he knew that there was no use n dong so Equius was ever going to say a t hing, he was never going to get up again. So I hung my head and I cried. Regret hit him like a brick wall.. He was such a tuckass. Before this he couldnt even ake the time to sing a stupid song with her _ How could he have been so terrible to her? He pushed her away at every chance he had. He hurt her over and over, rejected her, and tore down her ideas. How could he have continuously done so? Each time hand tightened and he let out a slow breath. He would do right by her at least once. You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. His voice rang out beside hers, or rather over hers. His was far louder and much stronger. He could feel the blood on the ground seeping through his clothing but his didnt care, at least not at the moment. He needed to make for being so rotten to her. He needed to make her happy for the last few moments that he was actually able to. You make me happy when skies are gray. Still holding her hand tight, he reached out with his right and hook his arm around her back before tugging Nepeta into his arms. Her voice skipped dipped, she skipped a word in the line, the pain of being moved clearly great. She didnt react otherwise though. She didnt look at him, she didnt cling to him. She Just continued to sing. He doubted she even realized that he was there, that he was holding her against him. Youll never know dear, how much I love you He clutched her tight against his chest, his grip becoming a steel beam around her. That time she reacted, her arm twitched, moving up a bit. His mind took it as a sign, a good sign. She was still registering her surroundings. She knew he was there. He refused to believe the logical part of his brain, the part telling him that it was an involuntary reflex. That it had nothing to do with her registering him being next to her. It didnt matter, he was going to believe what he wanted to and at that moment he wanted to believe that there was hope for her. He grabbed her arm gently, the one that had twitched, and lifted it up. He hooked it around his neck, listening to her breath hitch at the movement. He took the sound as her not wanting him to let go, not the fact that she was in pain. His eyes shut tight, blocking out the olive that surrounded them, blocking out the tragedy. With his eyes shut he could pretend that they were Just lying next to each other on the floor, laying on spilt faygo. That there was nothing wrong, that they were both fine. Or at least he could try to pretend that. Please dont take my sunshine away. He refused to acknowledge the fact that her voice was fading ever so slowly. That ith every passing moment she become quieter. He wanted to remain ignorant for as long as possible. She was tired, she Just needed a break from singing. Thats all that it was. After she had a moments rest she would be perfectly fine. She would look and him and smile wide. She would pounce on him and exclaim in her happy little voice Karkitty! You sang with me! . He would grumble and deny it. She would giggle and then she would insist that they sing again. And that would be alright. If she wanted to sing the song again that would be perfectly fine with him. Please dont take. my unshine away. His voice wavered, it wobbled. The pitched falling in and out of tune, it echoed in the room. The only sound. His mind registered that there was only his voice now, that Nepeta had fallen silent but he didnt take it into account. She Just needed a small break. She would Join in once more on the final line. She wouldnt let him sing it on his own. Please dont take my sunshine away. He whispered the last note, the song was over. Nepeta hadnt rejoined in singing. It took him several moments to open his eyes; afraid to see what awaited, what he would need to face. The colors around him were tinted red, his vision blurring. He him. He dragged his gaze to Nepeta. He stared at the young troll in his arms. He looked so peaceful, as if she were Just sleeping, her eyes were even shut. He kept his fingers tightly intertwined with hers as he lifted her free hand up and brushed the bangs from her eyes. Her skin was still warm. The image was almost perfect; he could nearly convince himself truly that she was Just sleeping except for the olive that stained her features. There was far too much. Her forehead was sticky, trail of olive blood flowing down it, already starting to dry slowly. A sad, small smile cracked his features, she looked so restful.

The Rise of Gladiatorial Combat Essay Example For Students

The Rise of Gladiatorial Combat Essay Gladiatorial contests (munera gladitoria), hold a central place in our perception of Roman behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romans themselves ordered their lives.Attending the games was one of the practices that went with being a Roman. The Etruscans who introduced this type of contest in the sixth century BC, are credited with its development but its the Romans who made it famous. A surviving feature of the Roman games was when a gladiator fell he was hauled out of the arena by a slave dressed as the Etruscan death-demon Charun. The slave would carry a hammer which was the demons attribute. Moreover, the Latin term for a trainer-manager of gladiators (lanista), was believed to be an Etruscan word. (4:50) Gladiators of Ancient Rome lived their lives to the absolute fullest. We will write a custom essay on The Rise of Gladiatorial Combat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Gladiatorial duels had originated from funeral games given in order to satisfy the dead mans need for blood, and for centuries their principle occasions were funerals. The first gladiatorial combats therefore, took place at the graves of those being honored, but once they became public spectacles they moved into amphitheaters. (2:83) As for the gladiators themselves, an aura of religious sacrifice continued to hang about their combats. Obviously most spectators just enjoyed the massacre without any remorseful reflections. Even ancient writers felt no pity, they were aware that gladiators had originated from these holocausts in honor of the dead. What was offered to appease the dead was counted as a funeral rite. It is called munus (a service) from being a service due. The ancients thought that by this sort of spectacle they rendered a service to the dead, after they had made it a more cultured form of cruelty. The belief was that the souls of the dead are appeased with human blood, t hey use to sacrifice captives or slaves of poor quality at funerals. Afterwards it seemed good to obscure their impiety by making it a pleasure. (6:170) So after the acquired person had been trained to fight as best they can, their training was to learn to be killed! For such reasons gladiators were sometimes known as bustuarii or funeral men. Throughout many centuries of Roman history, these commemorations of the dead were still among the principle occasions for such combats. Men writing their wills often made provisions for gladiatorial duels in connection with their funerals. Early in the first century AD, the people of Pollentia forcibly prevented the burial of an official, until his heirs had been compelled to provide money for a gladiators show. (1:174)It was in Campania and Lucania that the gladiatorial games came to their full development and took on their classical form. In these new surroundings they took root and flourished, as can be seen in fourth century BC, tomb paint ings. These pictures show helmeted gladiators carrying shields and lances, covered with wounds and dripping with blood. (2:84) For Rome a decisive moment in gladiatorial history was reached in 246 BC, the year when the first Punic War began. At the funeral of Brutus Pera, his two sons for the first time exhibited, in the cattle market, three simultaneous gladiatorial combats. By 216 BC the number of fights given on a single occasion had risen to twenty two.(14:16)In 105 BC the two consuls of the year made gladiatorial games official. There were no doubts of religious tendency, but the purpose of Roman spectacles, were a public display of power, that power was primarily military, and also to compensate the soft Greek culture which now was abroad. (8:98) The GladiatorsThose compelled to fight gladiator duels included prisoners of war, slaves and condemned criminals. Among them were numerous followers of the new Christian faith. During this time persecution fell heavily on their faith, many won immortal fame as martyrs. Fighting in the arena was one of the sentences earned by the sacrilege accused against members of the Christian religion because of their refusal to sacrifice to the emperor. It was written that these Christians were forced, as gladiatorial novices to run the gauntlet. At other times they were thrown to the wild beasts. Criminals that were used had committed crimes that carried a death sentence or harsh manual labor. The crimes which led to the arena were murder, treason, robbery and arson. Criminals sentenced to forced labor were often obliged to serve as gladiators, and were sentenced to three years of combat and two years in the schools. Sometimes penalties were differentiated according to social class, thus for certain crimes which in the case of slaves would involve execution, free men or freedmen (ex-slaves) were condemned to fight in the arena instead. This did not of course make them gladiators, unless they were trained first, as those req uired to provide this sort of sport not always were. And indeed as gladiators became more expensive in the second century AD the use of untrained criminals in the amphitheater increased.(7:537) Most gladiators, at Rome and elsewhere were slaves, but in addition there were always some free men who became gladiators because they wanted to. The profession was an alternative to being a social outcast. They were generally derived from the lowest ranking category of free persons, namely the freedman who had themselves been slaves or were the son of slaves. Free fighters were more sought after than slaves, presumably because they shower greater enthusiasm in the arena. Such a volunteer was offered a bonus if he survived the term of his contract, yet he still had to swear the terrible oath of submission to be burnt with fire, shackled with chains, whipped with rods and killed with steel like the rest of the gladiators. For the period of his engagement, he had become no more than a slave. (7 :539)Majestic Exhibitions and SchoolsThere seemed no end to public entertainments of one sort or another at Rome. First there were the regular functions. The number of days in each year given up to annual games and spectacles of one sort or another in the city was startlingly large, and increased continually. Already 66 in the time of Augustus, it had risen to 135 under Marcus Aurelius, and 175 or more in the fourth century. Gladiatorial amusement had become an essential feature of the services a ruler had to provide, in order to maintain his popularity and his job. Emperors themselves had to attend the shows. Emperors watching the shows were distinct, vulnerable, and subject to public pressures which could not be displayed elsewhere. That was why the games were not popular with a few rulers such as Marcus Aurelius. He directed that if a gladiator was freed as a result of popular outcry in the amphitheater the liberation was to be annulled. Aurelius found the sport boring and indeed he was unenthusiastic about Roman entertainment in general. (10:87)The teaching of gladiators was highly elaborate affair involving expertise appreciated by those members of the public who attended the games for something more than blood and thrills. Gladiators were trained at gladiator schools established during the late Republic at the time of Sulla 138-78 BC. (2:86) Novices practiced with wooden swords on a man of straw or a wooden post. The weapons used in more adept practice were heavier than those used in the arena. Discipline was severe, with ruthless punishments. The barracks they lived in were so low inmates could only sit or lie.(3:68) Breaking any rules was not tolerated and resulted in strict reprimanding: shackles, flogging or even death. (2:86) The main objective of the schools were to produce the best possible fighters for the arena, thus scrupulous attention was invested in gladiator health. Their schools were situated in favorable climates, and equipped with first class doctors. The schools were also provided with resident medical consultants to check the mens diet. Gladiators were called hordearii, barley men, because of the amount of barley that they ate, a muscle building food. (12:111)The Types of Gladiators From Republican times onward, foreign prisoners were made to fight with their own weapons and in their own styles. Many of these men, were merely prisoners herded into the arena, but various classes of professional gladiators likewise came from this category. Such, for example was the origin of the gladiators known as the Samnites. Generally regarded as the prototypes of all Romes gladiators, they are said to have come into existence after its Samnite enemies introduced a splendid new type of military equipment in 310 BC. Gladiators were ranked in different categories according to their fighting style and the type of weapon they used. These Samnites wore the heavy, magnificent armor of soldiers. It included a large shield (scutum), a leather or partly metal greave (ocrea) on the left leg, and a visored helmet (galea) with huge crests and plumes. To these were added sword (gladius) or lance (hasta), and the sleeve on the right arm which was part of a gladiators general equipment.(11:121) Sectores were armed with a sword and mace loaded with lead. Thraces carried a curved scimitar of varying shape, and a small square or round shield. Myrmilliones (Guals) carried a shield and a short scythe and wore a distinctive fish ornament on their helmets. The Retiarii were exceptionally uncovered, except sometimes for a head band. They carried a trident in one hand and a net in the other. Because the throwing of a net as a method of combat, was second rate the Retarii were inferior in status to the ranks, and thus had the worst living quarters. (2:86) The Myrmillo could fight against the Thracian or against the Retiarius or net fighter. But the principle opponent of the Retiarius was the Secutor.(12:109)The Procedure of the A renaGladiatorial shows were intensively promoted and advertised to raise public attention. Descriptions of upcoming contests, appeared on walls and on the grave stones beside main roads. The opening ceremonies began the day before the fights. It was then that the supporter of the show donated a splendid feast to the contestants about to appear on the following day. The proceedings of the murderous day began with a chariot drive and parade. Led and presented by the sponsor of the games. The gladiators displayed themselves in uniforms topped by cloaks dyed purple with gold embroidery. Climbing down their chariots, they marched around the arena, followed by slaves carrying their arms and armor. Gladiators, especially those who belonged to the emperors own troop, were often finely equipped. When the combatants arrived opposite the emperors platform, they extended their right hands towards him and cried Hail, emperor, greetings from men about to die! (Ave, imperator, morituri te salutant !) (7:538)The games often opened with a convicted criminal being thrown to a lion. The criminal was given a small sword, and if he could kill the lion his life was spared. Another way in which they opened the games was to tie the criminal to a pillar and lower him into a pit of hungry beasts. After these morbid killings took place, the animal events would take center stage. The most common of these fights would be a lion against bear. To make the beast ready for fighting they would starved the animals and poked them with sticks while in the cage.(5:17) These events were followed by a break, during this break Gladiatores Meridiane took place. This event consisted of a fully armed gladiator against an unarmed man. The object was simple, to kill your opponent, the winner went on to fight the next combatant. The overall winner was the person that was standing in the end.(2:88) The afternoon brought about the beginning of the gladiatorial events. Staged with a dramatic sense of climax, t he afternoon started with second rate displays that were bloodless. These mock fighters were called paegniarii.(1:176) After these mock battles came the real fights, the tamest of these would be the hand to hand combats with one opponent. However, most of the contests were worst, ranging from armed fighters against unarmed, two criminals versus a gladiator, and even a group of gladiators versus another group. .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .postImageUrl , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:hover , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:visited , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:active { border:0!important; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:active , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Glass Ceiling EssayWhile the fighters were at grips, their trainers (lanista) stood beside them and hounded them on much like a modern boxers trainer would. Meanwhile the crowd shouted commands of their own including beat, kill and burn. When a man fell, the herald raised their trumpets, and spectators yelled Got him! Hes had it! (habet, hoc habet). The fallen fighter if he was in a state to move, laid down his shield, and raised one finger of his left hand for mercy. The decision whether his life should be spared, rested with the provider of the games, but he generally let the crowd make the decision. Thumbs up, and a waving of handkerchiefs, meant his life would be spare d, thumbs down and he would be killed without hesitation. While African boys raked over the bloodstained sand, fallen gladiators were taken away. A Charon would verify the gladiators death and finish him off it was necessary. The costumes of the Charon were designed to look like Mercury, divine guide of dead mens souls to the infernal regions.(10:167)If a fighters performance had not given satisfaction, or if he was a criminal whose survival was not desired, his life was sometimes risked again on the same day by orders for a repeat performance, against specially introduced understudies. When neither party won and both were spared, each was described as stans missus, and such a result was often recorded on inscriptions. The victorious gladiators were presented with palm branches as a prize, and in Greek lands of the Empire they were given a wreath or crown in addition or instead. Both palms and crowns are often shown on funeral monuments. The giver of the games also provided prize mo ney, according to scales stipulated in the gladiators contracts. (10:169)The Arenas In early times gladiators duels took place in whatever public places a town might posses. But then , under the emperors, the characteristic place for such a contest was the amphitheater. This was an oval auditorium surrounded by rows of seats facing on to the arena, as in modern bull rings, absorbing the blood of slaughtered men and beasts. The first permanent amphitheater known to us is not in Rome but in Campania, the country which inherited the gladiatorial games from Eturia and passed them on to the Romans. (13:225) The largest and most famous of all such buildings was initiated by the Flavian dynasty. Opened by Titus in AD 80, this Colosseum is one of the most marvelous buildings in the world. Its massive overall measurements are 187 by 155 meters, of which the space for the arena itself comprises 86 by 54 meters. There was accommodation for perhaps 45,000 sitting spectators and at least 5,000 m ore willing to stand. Underneath the arena is a labyrinth of passages for stage effects, pens for wild beasts, storage rooms and the mechanism by which scenery and other apparatus were hoisted into the arena. The emperors platform was at the center of one of the long sides, facing across to the portion of the auditorium reserved for magistrates and the holder of the games. There were also places for priests, who also attended these bloodthirsty sports. (13:227) The formula of the collosseum helped to mold renaissance styles. In the eight century they said that:As long as it stands,Rome will stand;when it falls, Rome will fall;when Rome falls, the world will fallThe colosseum has often been raided, but has never fallen. It has been made to serve many purposes, many of which are ironic. These have included sacred occasions, church services, and plays. Thus through all the depredation the colosseum has faced over the years inside and outside of the arena, this indestructible building s till towers over the city today. (13:230)The Gladiator in SocietyThe reputation of gladiators in the eyes of the public was curiously mixed. For one thing they were feared. Society was never able to forget for very long that the gladiators were a potential danger to society. So, of course were the masses of slaves in general, and that is why their crimes were so savagely punished, if one slaved murdered his master, the whole household had to die. But by training the gladiators they spared the rest of the slaves family, and forced him to fight for his life in front of the community he violated. Moreover their legal and moral position in the community was one of complete shame. When a gladiator was killed, his corpse was not permitted honorable to be buried, unless it was claimed by his family or a friend. (9:91)However there is ample proof of the admiration and indeed excitement that the gladiators aroused. Gladiators became so ingrained in the Roman mind and soul that they believed in superstitions that resulted from munera. It was believed that the warm blood of a slaughtered gladiator would cure epilepsy. When newly married women, parted their hair with a gladiators spear, it brought good luck if this had belonged to a man mortally wounded in the arena. (8:276) Gladiators were also seen highly upon by women, graffiti at the Pompeii amphitheater reveal that members of the profession were loved with the passionate infatuation which teenage females have for pop singers today.Although gladiators lived relatively short lives it was possible to win liberation and retire on receipt of the symbolical wooden sword (rudis). It was also noted that some ex-gladiators moved upwards into respectable smart circles of local bourgeoisies (9:96)Opposition and Abolition It was probably assumed that the munera would go on forever, and that nothing would stop their growth. With the rise of Christianity a religious presence lingered about such contests once again. The Roman rulin g classes began to view these contest with a favorable eye. The excuse of encouragement to warlike toughness continued to be put forward until the eve of the Middle Ages, although it started to become lame and inhumane. Another purpose present in the minds of Romes rulers was the desire that potentially unruly and dangerous city population should be amused and kept quiet. They should be given entertainment that they wanted, no matter how disgusting if might be. .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .postImageUrl , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:hover , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:visited , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:active { border:0!important; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:active , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business ethics EssayThe games gradually lost its original intentions and connections to the earlier funeral games. Once defenseless human beings are thrown to wild animals, the original purpose is lost, the purpose now is blood-thirsty spectators viewing inhumane, unjust executions. (2:87) The new religion however ended them for good. With the rise of emperor Constantine and Christianity came the fall of the gladiatorial spectacles. In AD 326, Constantine abolished gladiators games altogether. He also stated that all criminals who would have in the past have been enrolled for thegames must in the future be condemned to forced labor in the mines instead. By the end of the fourth century, gladiatorial shows had disappeared from the Eastern Empire. (2:87)Bibliography1. Cowell, F. Everyday Life in Ancient Rome. London: B.T Batsford Ltd., 1961. 2. Dining, M. A History of Physical Education: Ancient Rome. Toronto: Captus Press, 1987. 3. Grant, M. The World of Rome. London: Trinity Press, 1960. 4. Hopkins, K Murderous Games. History Today v33 16-22 1983. 5. Harris, H. Sport in Greece and Rome. New York: Cornell University Press, 1972. 6. Hopkins, K. Death and Renewal. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1983. 7. Jory, E Gladiators in the Theatre. Classical Quarterly v36 537-9 1986. 8. Koestler, A. The Gladiators. New York: Macmillan, 1947. 9. Scullard, H. Festival and Ceremonies of the Roman Empire. New York: Cornell University Press. 198110. Whyte-Mellville, G. A Tale of Rome and Judea The Gladiators. New York: Longmans Green, 1989. 11. Mattingly, H. Roman Imperial Civilization. London: Edward Arnold publication. 195912. Weirdmann, T. Emperors and Gladiators. London: Routledge Press, 199213. Yonah, M Illustrated Enclylopedia of the Classical World. New York: Harper and Roe Pub, 1975. 14. Wilkonson, L. The Roman Experience, Anchor Press, 1975. 15. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia, Softkey Multimedia, 1996.